まずはこの3つ
- 名詞を書いたら「数えられる？単数？冠詞は？」
- 過去の時点（last year など）があれば現在完了にしない
- SNS・mansion・smart は英語では通じない／意味が違う
ミスには「日本語の影」がある
日本語には冠詞も複数形もなく、時制も「た」でまとめてしまう。カタカナ語は英語と意味がずれている。ミスの多くは日本語の発想をそのまま英語に持ち込んだ結果なので、分野ごとに「日本語との違い」を意識すると、同じミスをくり返さなくなる。
1冠詞（a / the / 無冠詞）10
✕ よくある誤り○ 正しい形なぜ
He is student.He is a student.数えられる名詞の単数には冠詞
an informationinformation / a piece of informationinformation は数えられない
go to the school by a busgo to school by bus本来の目的の school・手段の by は無冠詞
play the soccerplay soccerスポーツ名は無冠詞
protect the natureprotect nature「自然」は無冠詞で使う
the most of studentsmost students / most of the studentsmost＋名詞か most of the＋名詞
a my frienda friend of mine冠詞と所有格は並べない
Sun is very hot.The sun is very hot.誰もが1つに特定できる物は the
in the morning of Mondayon Monday morning特定の日の朝は on
I like the music.（音楽全般）I like music.一般論の不可算名詞に the を付けない
2単数・複数と主語の一致10
✕ よくある誤り○ 正しい形なぜ
a lot of homeworksa lot of homeworkhomework は数えられない
many advicesa lot of adviceadvice も数えられない
furnituresfurniture / pieces of furniture家具の総称で数えられない
one of my friendone of my friendsone of の後は複数形
each studentseach studenteach・every の後は単数形
Everyone have a phone.Everyone has a phone.everyone は単数扱い
The number of cars are increasing.The number of cars is increasing.主語は number（単数）
A number of students is absent.A number of students are absent.a number of＝many で複数扱い
two hundreds peopletwo hundred people数詞の後の hundred に s は付けない
a ten-years-old boya ten-year-old boyハイフンで名詞を修飾する時は単数形
3時制10
✕ よくある誤り○ 正しい形なぜ
I have visited Kyoto last year.I visited Kyoto last year.過去の時点の語と現在完了は使えない
I am living here for ten years.I have lived here for ten years.過去から今までの継続は現在完了
How long do you live here?How long have you lived here?今まで続く期間を尋ねるので現在完了
If it will rain tomorrow, …If it rains tomorrow, …条件の if 節は未来でも現在形
When I will grow up, …When I grow up, …時の when 節も現在形
I am knowing him well.I know him well.「知っている」の know は進行形にしない
I wish I can speak French.I wish I could speak French.wish の後は過去形で仮定法
If I am you, I would wait.If I were you, I would wait.現在の事実に反する仮定は過去形
It is time we will go home.It is time we went home.It is time S＋過去形（米では go も）
I think reading was important.（今の意見）I think reading is important.今の意見・一般論は現在形
4動詞の語法10
✕ よくある誤り○ 正しい形なぜ
discuss about the plandiscuss the plandiscuss は他動詞。about 不要
marry with hermarry hermarry も他動詞
enter into the roomenter the room部屋に入るなら into 不要
reach to the stationreach the stationreach は他動詞。get to なら to
explain me the ruleexplain the rule to meexplain は人を直後に置けない
suggest him to gosuggest that he (should) gosuggest は人＋to 不定詞をとらない
make him to cleanmake him clean使役 make の後は原形
look forward to see youlook forward to seeing youto は前置詞なので動名詞
I enjoyed at the party.I enjoyed the party.enjoy は目的語が必要。enjoy myself も可
Please contact with me.Please contact me.contact は他動詞。with 不要
5前置詞10
✕ よくある誤り○ 正しい形なぜ
at Sundayon Sunday曜日・日付は on
in seven o'clockat seven o'clock時刻は at
arrive to Tokyoarrive in Tokyo都市・国は in、駅・建物は at
different withdifferent from米口語の than もあるが答案は from
back after ten minutesback in ten minutes「今から〜後」は in
finish it until Fridayfinish it by Friday期限は by、継続は until
during three daysfor three days長さは for、during は特定の期間
interested about historyinterested in historyinterested は in
read it on the newspaperread it in the newspaper新聞・本の中は in
go there by footgo there on foot徒歩だけは on foot
6語順10
✕ よくある誤り○ 正しい形なぜ
I know where is the station.I know where the station is.間接疑問は疑問詞＋S＋V
I don't know what should I do.I do not know what I should do.文の中の疑問文は平叙文の語順
Do you think who will come?Who do you think will come?Yes/No で答えない問いは疑問詞が文頭
enough old to driveold enough to driveenough は形容詞・副詞の後ろ
Always I get up at six.I always get up at six.頻度の副詞は一般動詞の前
cold somethingsomething cold-thing を修飾する形容詞は後ろ
I very like music.I like music very much.very は動詞を修飾できない
so a good ideasuch a good ideasuch a＋形容詞＋名詞
the all studentsall the studentsall は the の前
Not only he is kind, …Not only is he kind, …否定語が文頭に来ると倒置
7和製英語・カタカナ語10
✕ 和製英語○ 英語ではなぜ
SNSsocial media英語では social media が普通
mansionapartment / condominiummansion は大邸宅
She is smart.（細い）She is slim.smart は「賢い」
consentoutlet（米）/ socket（英）consent は「同意」
note PClaptopnote PC は和製英語
salarymanoffice worker英語では通じにくい
cunning（試験の）cheatingcunning は「ずる賢い」
make a claim（苦情）make a complaintclaim は「主張」
my paceat my own pacemy pace だけでは文にならない
arbeita part-time jobarbeit はドイツ語由来の日本語
8語の組み合わせ（コロケーション）10
✕ よくある誤り○ 正しい形なぜ
strong rainheavy rain雨・交通量は heavy
The traffic is many.The traffic is heavy.traffic は数えない。多い＝heavy
expensive pricehigh priceprice は high / low
do a mistakemake a mistakemistake は make
I studied to ride a bike.I learned to ride a bike.身につけるのは learn
He said me the news.He told me the news.人を目的語にとるのは tell
Can you borrow me a pen?Can you lend me a pen?貸すは lend、借りるは borrow
The trip was very funny.The trip was a lot of fun.funny は「おかしい・変な」
an economic caran economical car節約になる＝economical
almost studentsmost students / almost all studentsalmost は副詞で名詞を直接修飾しない
9文のつながり10
✕ よくある誤り○ 正しい形なぜ
… home. Because it is cheap.… home because it is cheap.because 節だけでは文にならない
It is fun, I like it.It is fun, so I like it.カンマだけで2文をつながない
It is cheap, however, …It is cheap. However, …2文をつなぐ however の前はピリオド
Although A, but B.Although A, B.although と but は同時に使わない
For example, sushi.For example, I like sushi.For example の後は完全な文
It is fast. On the other hand, it is cheap.It is fast. In addition, it is cheap.on the other hand は対照専用
So, I agree.Therefore, I agree.文頭の So はややくだけた印象
And also, …In addition, …文頭の And also はくだけた印象
Walking home, it began to rain.While I was walking home, it began to rain.分詞の主語と文の主語がずれる
This is good.（何が？）This system is good.指す物が曖昧なら名詞で示す
10書き言葉としてのミス10
✕ よくある誤り○ 正しい形なぜ
I don't think so.I do not think so.答案では短縮形を避ける
kids / lots of / stuffchildren / many / things会話の語を書き言葉に
gonna / wannagoing to / want to書き言葉では使わない
Smartphones are good!!Smartphones are useful.! は使わない。good より具体的に
If you study abroad, you …Students who study abroad …一般論の you の連発は口語的
I think … I think … I think …I believe … / In my view …同じ表現のくり返しを避ける
etc.such as A and B答案では etc. で逃げない
Recently, many people use it.These days, many people use it.recently は普通、現在形と使わない
very very importantextremely important強調は1語で
everyone / always / nevermost / often / rarely証明できない極論は反例1つで崩れる
確認テスト
- 1I Kyoto last year.正解は visited。last year があるので過去形。
- 2He gave me some useful .正解は advice。advice は数えられない名詞。
- 3Let's the problem.正解は discuss。discuss は他動詞。
- 4Please hand in the report Friday.正解は by。期限は by。
- 5Do you know where ?正解は the station is。間接疑問は S V の語順。
- 6students in my class have smartphones.正解は Most。almost は名詞を直接修飾しない。
- 7I am looking forward to you.正解は seeing。to は前置詞なので動名詞。
- 8If it tomorrow, the game will be canceled.正解は rains。条件の if 節は未来でも現在形。
- 9We had rain last night.正解は heavy。雨の多さは heavy rain。
- 10英語で「SNS」を自然に言うと？正解は social media。英語では social media が普通。
参考にした資料
英作文ミスを一覧にまとめ、A4 3枚で印刷できる無料PDFにしました。Web版は赤シート・覚えたチェック・カード・4択テストつき。
