まずはこの3つ
- 動詞+粒子のイメージで覚える(put off=離して置く→延期)
- 代名詞は間に! turn it down ○/turn down it ✕
- ≒の1語(postpone・tolerate)が言い換え問題の正解
覚え方の核心:句動詞は「足し算」
動詞の意味+粒子のイメージ=句動詞の意味。put off=置く+離れる→「先へ離して置く」=延期。look up to=見る+上へ→「見上げる」=尊敬。carry out=運ぶ+最後まで→実行。丸暗記の前に粒子の絵を思い浮かべれば、初見の句動詞も意味が推測できる。
1わかる・考える・調べる12
長文の言い換え問題の常連。look 系は語順の違いに注意
- figure out★★★〜を理解する/(答え)を出す≒ understand, solve。figure it out の語順I can't figure out how this app works.
- find out★★★〜を(調べて)知る・突き止める≒ discover。know は「知っている状態」、find out は「知るに至る」Let's find out what time the shop opens.
- make out★★★〜を理解する/判読する・見分ける≒ understand, discern。can't make out の否定文が多いI couldn't make out his handwriting.
- come up with★★★〜を思いつく・考え出す≒ think of, devise。3語型は間に何も入れないShe came up with a great idea.
- think over★★★〜をじっくり考える≒ consider。think it over の語順Let me think it over before I decide.
- look into★★★〜を調査する≒ investigate。中を覗き込む→調べる。look into it(✕look it into)The police are looking into the accident.
- look up★★★(辞書・ネットで)〜を調べる情報を拾い上げる。look it up(✕look up it)Look up the word in your dictionary.
- point out★★★〜を指摘する≒ indicate。point out that SV の形も多いHe pointed out a mistake in my essay.
- turn out★★★〜だとわかる・判明する≒ prove。turn out (to be) C/It turns out that SVThe rumor turned out to be false.
- go over★★★〜を見直す・詳しく調べる≒ review, examine。go over it(目的語は後ろだけ)Go over your answers before you hand them in.
- look over★★★〜にざっと目を通す≒ examine。look it over(間に入れる)。go over と語順が逆Could you look over my report?
- see through★★★〜を見抜くうそを透かして向こうを見る。see A through は「最後までやり遂げる」She saw through his lies at once.
2始める・続ける・やめる・延ばす13
後ろが -ing か to do かが4択の定番
- put off★★★〜を延期する≒ postpone, delay。後ろは -ing(✕put off to do)Don't put off doing your homework.
- call off★★★〜を中止する≒ cancel。予定を「呼んで外す」The game was called off because of rain.
- give up★★★〜をやめる・あきらめる≒ abandon, quit。give up -ing(✕to do)My father gave up smoking last year.
- go on★★★続く/続ける≒ continue。go on -ing=し続ける/go on to do=続けて次に〜するHe went on talking for an hour.
- carry on★★★〜を続ける≒ continue。carry on with 名詞/carry on -ingCarry on with your work.
- keep on★★★〜し続けるkeep on -ing。しつこく繰り返す感じが出るThe baby kept on crying all night.
- set up★★★〜を設立する/準備する≒ establish。会社・組織・テントなどを「立てる」They set up a small company together.
- take up★★★(趣味など)を始める/(時間・場所)を取る≒ start/occupy。2つ目の意味が長文で狙われるThis sofa takes up too much space.
- carry out★★★〜を実行する≒ conduct, perform。目的語は計画・実験・調査The scientists carried out an experiment.
- break out★★★(戦争・火事などが)起こる自動詞なので受動態にしない(✕was broken out)A fire broke out last night.
- hold on★★★(電話で)待つ/しがみつく≒ wait。hold on to=〜にしがみつくHold on, please. I'll get him.
- end up★★★結局〜することになるend up -ing/end up in・at 場所。予定外の結末We ended up taking a taxi.
- give in★★★屈する・降参する/(主に英)〜を提出する≒ yield, surrender。give in to 〜(〜に屈する)He finally gave in to his kids' demands.
3起こる・引き起こす・結果になる10
因果関係の句動詞は長文の内容一致で必ず効く
- bring about★★★〜を引き起こす・もたらす≒ cause。主語は出来事・変化が多いThe Internet brought about huge changes.
- come about★★★起こる≒ happen。How did it come about? の形が定番How did this situation come about?
- result in★★★〜という結果になる≒ cause, lead to。原因 result in 結果Speeding often results in accidents.
- result from★★★〜から生じる結果 result from 原因。in と from で矢印が逆The accident resulted from carelessness.
- lead to★★★〜につながる・〜を引き起こす≒ cause。to は前置詞なので lead to -ingLack of sleep can lead to poor health.
- account for★★★〜を説明する/(割合)を占める≒ explain/make up。「占める」がグラフ問題で頻出Students account for 60% of our customers.
- stand for★★★〜を表す/〜を支持する≒ represent。won't stand for で「我慢しない」"UN" stands for "United Nations."
- turn into★★★〜に変わる/〜を…に変える≒ become。turn A into B(AをBに変える)The rain turned into snow.
- go off★★★(警報などが)鳴る/爆発する(食べ物が)腐るの意味もある(主に英)My alarm didn't go off this morning.
- break down★★★故障する/(交渉が)決裂する≒ fail。名詞 breakdown。泣き崩れるの意味もOur car broke down on the highway.
4人との関係:尊敬・世話・頼る14
受動態にすると粒子が残る形(be looked after)が狙われる
- look up to★★★〜を尊敬する≒ respect, admire。見上げるMany students look up to her.
- look down on★★★〜を見下す≒ despise。上から見下ろすDon't look down on people who are different.
- look after★★★〜の世話をする≒ take care of。後ろから見守るWho will look after your dog?
- take after★★★(親など)に似ている≒ resemble。親など年上の家族に似る。原則進行形にしないShe takes after her mother.
- get along with★★★〜と仲よくやる≒ get on with(主に英)。get along well with の形もI get along well with my roommate.
- bring up★★★〜を育てる/(話題)を持ち出す≒ raise/mention。be brought up in 〜(〜で育つ)I was brought up in Osaka.
- let down★★★〜をがっかりさせる≒ disappoint。期待を下へ落とす。let him down の語順I won't let you down.
- depend on★★★〜に頼る/〜次第だ≒ rely on。It depends.(場合による)Our plan depends on the weather.
- count on★★★〜を当てにする≒ rely on。count on A to do(Aが〜すると当てにする)You can count on me.
- turn to★★★〜に頼るturn to A for B(AにBを求める)。顔を向ける→頼るShe turned to her teacher for advice.
- care for★★★〜の世話をする/(否定・疑問で)〜を好む≒ look after/like。Would you care for tea?=お茶はいかが?Nurses care for patients day and night.
- stand by★★★〜を支える・味方する/待機する≒ support。そばに立つI'll stand by you no matter what.
- call on★★★(人)を訪ねる/(人)に〜するよう求めるcall on 人/call at 場所。call on A to doI called on my aunt yesterday.
- break up★★★別れる/解散するbreak up with 人。ばらばらにする意味もShe broke up with her boyfriend.
5我慢する・対処する・乗り越える14
put up with の言い換え4語(tolerate/bear/stand/endure)は全部言えるように
- put up with★★★〜を我慢する≒ tolerate, bear, stand, endureI can't put up with this noise any longer.
- deal with★★★〜を処理する/〜を扱う≒ handle, cope with。(本が)〜を扱う=be aboutShe dealt with the problem calmly.
- cope with★★★〜にうまく対処する≒ manage。目的語は困難・ストレスHow do you cope with stress?
- get over★★★〜を克服する/〜から立ち直る≒ overcome, recover from。get over it(✕get it over)It took her months to get over the shock.
- go through★★★(つらいこと)を経験する/詳しく調べる≒ experience, undergo。トンネルを通り抜けるHe went through a lot of hardships.
- get through★★★〜を乗り切る・終える/(電話が)つながる≒ survive, finish。get through to 人=話が通じるI finally got through all my homework.
- make up for★★★〜の埋め合わせをする≒ compensate for。for まで覚えるI'll work hard to make up for lost time.
- catch up with★★★〜に追いつく差を縮める動き。catch up on=遅れを取り戻すGo ahead. I'll catch up with you later.
- keep up with★★★〜に遅れずについていく差を保つ状態。catch up with との区別が頻出It's hard to keep up with the latest trends.
- run out of★★★〜を使い果たす・切らす≒ use up。尽きる物自体が主語なら run out(Time is running out.)We've run out of milk.
- do without★★★〜なしで済ます≒ dispense with。go without もほぼ同じI can't do without my phone.
- cut down on★★★〜(の量)を減らす≒ reduce。cut back on もほぼ同じYou should cut down on sugar.
- get rid of★★★〜を取り除く・処分する≒ remove, eliminate, dispose ofI need to get rid of these old clothes.
- do away with★★★〜を廃止する≒ abolish。目的語は制度・規則The school did away with its uniform rule.
6断る・出す・選ぶ・片づける13
書類・提案・処分の句動詞。ほとんどが目的語を間に入れられる型
- turn down★★★〜を断る/(音量)を下げる≒ reject, refuse。turn it down(✕turn down it)She turned down the job offer.
- hand in★★★〜を提出する≒ submit, turn inHand in your essays by Friday.
- fill out★★★(用紙)に記入する≒ complete。fill in も同じ(fill in the blanks=空所を埋める)Please fill out this form.
- pick out★★★〜を選び出す≒ select, chooseShe picked out a dress for the party.
- leave out★★★〜を省く・入れ忘れる≒ omit。外に置いておくDon't leave out any important details.
- rule out★★★〜を除外する・(可能性)を否定する≒ exclude。線を引いて外に出すWe can't rule out the possibility of rain.
- call for★★★〜を要求する/〜を必要とする≒ demand, require。主語が「物事」なら「必要とする」This job calls for patience.
- put forward★★★(案)を提案する≒ propose, suggest。前へ置くShe put forward a new plan.
- take over★★★〜を引き継ぐ/〜を乗っ取るtake over from A(Aから引き継ぐ)He took over the family business.
- give away★★★〜をただで配る/(秘密)をもらす≒ reveal(秘密)。手放して遠くへDon't give away the ending of the movie!
- hand out★★★〜を配る≒ distribute。名詞 handout(配布資料)The teacher handed out the tests.
- put away★★★〜を片づける・しまう離れた所(定位置)へ置くPut away your phone during the test.
- put out★★★(火・明かり)を消す≒ extinguish。外へ出す→消すThe firefighters put out the fire.
7現れる・出会う・出発する・消える13
自動詞が多い。目的語を取るかどうかが正誤問題の急所
- show up★★★現れる・来る≒ appear, arrive。自動詞He showed up an hour late.
- turn up★★★現れる・見つかる/(音量)を上げる≒ appear。失くした物にも使うMy lost key turned up in my bag.
- come across★★★〜に偶然出会う・見つける≒ encounter。come across as 〜=〜という印象を与えるI came across an old photo of my parents.
- run into★★★〜に偶然会う/〜にぶつかる≒ bump into, meet by chanceI ran into an old friend at the station.
- set off★★★出発する/〜を引き起こす≒ depart。set out も同義(set out to do=〜に取りかかる)We set off early in the morning.
- take off★★★離陸する/〜を脱ぐ/急に人気が出る地面・体から離れる。↔ put on, landOur plane took off on time.
- get on★★★(バス・電車など)に乗る↔ get off。車・タクシーは get in/get out ofGet on the bus at the next stop.
- pass away★★★亡くなる≒ die の遠回しな言い方Her grandfather passed away last year.
- die out★★★絶滅する・すたれる≒ become extinctMany local customs are dying out.
- stand out★★★目立つ・際立つ外へ突き出て立つ。形容詞 outstanding(際立った)Her red coat stood out in the crowd.
- drop by★★★(ちょっと)立ち寄る≒ visit。drop in on 人/drop in at 場所Drop by anytime you're in town.
- come out★★★出版・発売される/明らかになる≒ be published。中から外へ出てくるHer new book comes out next month.
- break into★★★〜に押し入る/急に〜し始めるbreak into tears(急に泣き出す)Someone broke into our house.
81つで何役も! 多義の大物11
意味は文脈で決める。下線部の意味を問う問題に最もよく使われる
- make up★★★〜を構成する/でっち上げる/仲直りする≒ constitute/invent。be made up of=consist ofWomen make up half of the team.
- take in★★★〜をだます/理解する/吸収する≒ deceive/understand。be taken in=だまされるDon't be taken in by his smile.
- work out★★★〜を解決する/うまくいく/運動する≒ solve。最後まで働かせて答えを出すDon't worry. Things will work out.
- put on★★★〜を身につける/(体重)を増やすput on=着る動作、wear=着ている状態Put on your coat. It's cold outside.
- pick up★★★〜を拾う/車で迎えに行く/自然に身につける拾い上げる→人を乗せる→言葉を覚えるI'll pick you up at seven.
- look forward to★★★〜を楽しみに待つ≒ await eagerly(anticipate は「予期する」だけの時も)。to は前置詞→-ingI'm looking forward to seeing you.
- give off★★★(光・熱・においなど)を発する≒ emit, releaseThese flowers give off a sweet smell.
- live up to★★★(期待など)に応える≒ meet, fulfill。基準の高さまで上がるThe movie didn't live up to my expectations.
- get across★★★(考え)を伝える・わからせる≒ convey。get A across (to B)He couldn't get his point across.
- come down with★★★(病気)にかかる≒ catch。かぜなど軽めの病気に多いI came down with a cold.
- hold back★★★〜を抑える/(情報)を隠す≒ restrain。後ろへ引き止めるShe couldn't hold back her tears.
語順の鉄則:代名詞はどこに置く?5
整序・正誤問題で最も点差がつく所
- 1副詞型は「間」もOKturn down, put off, pick up など粒子が副詞の型は、名詞なら前後どちらでもよい。長い目的語は後ろに置くのが自然。She turned down the offer./She turned the offer down.彼女はその申し出を断った。
- 2副詞型の代名詞は必ず間副詞型では、it, them, him などの代名詞は動詞と粒子の間に置く。整序問題の大定番。She turned it down.彼女はそれを断った。✕She turned down it.
- 3前置詞型は分けないlook after, look into, get over, deal with など粒子が前置詞の型は、目的語を必ず後ろに置く。代名詞でも同じ。I'll look after them.私が彼らの世話をする。✕I'll look them after.
- 43語型は基本1つの塊put up with, look forward to, come up with などは間に目的語を入れず、最後に置く。※put A down to B(AをBのせいにする)など一部は例外。I can't put up with it.それには我慢できない。✕I can't put it up with.
- 5受動態でも粒子は残す目的語を取る句動詞は、句全体を1つの他動詞として受動態にする。粒子を落とすと別の意味か誤りになる。The baby was looked after by her aunt.赤ちゃんはおばに世話をしてもらった。✕The baby was looked by her aunt.
受験生がハマる罠6
- ✕I look forward to see you.○I look forward to seeing you.to は前置詞。lead to/object to も同じ
- ✕He gave up to smoke.○He gave up smoking.give up・put off・end up の後ろは -ing
- ✕She is taking after her father.○She takes after her father.take after は状態を表すので原則進行形にしない
- ✕A big fire was broken out.○A big fire broke out.break out は自動詞。受動態は作れない
- ✕It took a year to get it over.○It took a year to get over it.get over(克服)は前置詞型。get it over with は「済ませる」
- ✕We've run out milk.○We've run out of milk.A run out of B=AのBが尽きる。B自体が主語なら Time is running out.
似ているけど違う! 対決4
- catch up with〜に追いつくvskeep up with〜に遅れずについていく差を縮める catch/差を保つ keep
- result in〜という結果になるvsresult from〜から生じる原因 in 結果/結果 from 原因
- go over〜を見直すvslook over〜にざっと目を通すgo over it/look it over。語順が逆
- put on〜を着る(動作)vswear〜を着ている(状態)「今朝コートを着た」は put on
確認テスト
- 1The meeting was off until next Monday.正解は put。put off=延期する
- 2I can't put up his rude behavior.正解は with。put up with=我慢する
- 3Her offer was attractive, but I turned .正解は it down。代名詞は間に置く
- 4Poor diet often results illness.正解は in。原因 result in 結果
- 5下線部に最も近い語は? They carried out the survey.正解は conducted。carry out=conduct
- 6Women up 40% of the staff.正解は make。make up=構成する
- 7He studies hard to keep up his classmates.正解は with。keep up with=ついていく
- 8I'm looking forward to from you.正解は hearing。to は前置詞
句動詞を一覧にまとめ、A4 4枚で印刷できる無料PDFにしました。Web版は赤シート・覚えたチェック・カード・4択テストつき。