まずはこの3つ
- 時制・仮定法・準動詞が4択の三本柱
- 太字の形を「なぜそうなるか」と一緒に言えるように
- 誤答のひっかけ（メモ）までセットで覚える
使い方
英文の太字を隠して、何が入るか言えるか試す。言えたら日本語のポイントで理由を確認、言えなければ★3から優先して覚え直す。1周ごとに□にチェック。
1時制6
- I'll call you when he arrives.★★★時・条件の副詞節は未来でも現在形「〜かどうか」の名詞節なら will 可
- I have lived here since 2020.★★★since＋起点→現在完了ago / yesterday があれば過去形
- By the time we got there, the bus had left.★★★過去のある時点までに完了→過去完了
- By next April, I will have lived here for ten years.★★★未来のある時点までの継続→未来完了
- Ten years have passed since we met.★★★期間が主語なら have passedIt has been ten years since … も可
- I was taking a bath when the phone rang.★★★過去進行形＋when＋過去形進行中の動作に別の出来事が割り込む
2助動詞5
- He must have been tired.★★★must have p.p.＝〜したに違いないcannot have p.p.＝〜したはずがない
- You should have told me.★★★should have p.p.＝〜すべきだったのに過去への後悔・非難
- You need not have hurried.★★★need not have p.p.＝〜する必要はなかったのに
- You had better not go out.★★★had better の否定は had better nothad not better は誤り
- I'd rather stay home than go out.★★★would rather A than B（A・B は原形）
3仮定法6
- If I were you, I would accept the offer.★★★仮定法過去：if＋過去形、would＋原形be 動詞は主語を問わず were が基本
- If I had known, I would have helped you.★★★仮定法過去完了：if＋had p.p.、would have p.p.
- If I had studied harder, I would be a doctor now.★★★混合仮定法：過去の条件→今の結果now / today が目印
- I wish I had gone with you.★★★I wish＋過去完了＝〜だったらよかったのに
- He talks as if he knew everything.★★★as if＋過去形＝まるで〜かのように
- Had I known the truth, I would have told you.★★★if の省略→倒置（Had / Were / Should S）
4態3
- The baby was taken care of by her aunt.★★★句動詞の受動態は前置詞を残す
- She was seen to enter the shop.★★★知覚動詞・make の受動態は to dolet は be allowed to do で受動にする
- I had my bag stolen on the train.★★★have＋O＋p.p.＝〜される（被害）／〜してもらうI was stolen my bag は誤り
5不定詞5
- It is kind of you to help me.★★★人の性質を表す形容詞は of 人easy / necessary なら for 人
- He seems to have been sick.★★★時のずれは to have p.p.
- I told him not to be late.★★★不定詞の否定は not to do
- She has no friends to talk with.★★★名詞＋to do＋前置詞talk with friends の関係
- I got up early so as to catch the train.★★★so as to / in order to＝〜するために否定は so as not to
6動名詞5
- I enjoyed talking with her.★★★enjoy / finish / mind / avoid＋-ing
- I remember meeting him once.★★★remember -ing＝〜したことを覚えているremember to do＝忘れずに〜する
- I'm looking forward to seeing you.★★★to が前置詞の熟語＋-ingobject to / be used to（〜に慣れている）も同じ
- This book is worth reading.★★★be worth -ing＝〜する価値がある目的語の it を付けない
- He stopped smoking last year.★★★stop -ing＝〜するのをやめるstop to do＝〜するために立ち止まる・手を止める
7分詞5
- Look at the sleeping baby.★★★1語の分詞は原則として名詞の前に置く
- The language spoken in Brazil is Portuguese.★★★「される」→p.p.。語句を伴えば名詞の後ろ
- The game was really exciting.★★★感情を起こすモノは -ing人の気持ちは excited
- Seen from above, the island looks like a heart.★★★分詞構文：主語が「される」側なら p.p.
- He sat with his eyes closed.★★★with＋O＋分詞（付帯状況）目は「閉じられる」→p.p.
8関係詞6
- This is the town where I was born.★★★後ろが完全な文→関係副詞
- What he said was true.★★★what＝the thing(s) which（先行詞なし）
- I have a friend, who lives in Paris.★★★コンマの後に that は使えない
- This is the house in which he lives.★★★前置詞＋which（in that は不可）
- Whoever comes will be welcome.★★★whoever＝anyone who
- He said nothing, which made her angry.★★★前の文全体を受ける , which
9比較5
- This is much better than that.★★★比較級の強調は much / far / evenvery は不可
- He is the taller of the two.★★★the＋比較級＋of the two
- She is three years senior to me.★★★senior / superior / prefer A to B は than ではなく to
- I have no more than 1,000 yen.★★★no more than＝only（たった）no less than＝as much as
- This park is twice as large as that one.★★★倍数＋as ～ as
10接続詞・前置詞5
- Despite the rain, we went out.★★★後ろが名詞→前置詞although は後ろに S＋V
- Please finish it by five.★★★期限は by、継続は until
- Unless you hurry, you'll be late.★★★unless＝if ～ not
- Take a map in case you get lost.★★★in case＝〜するといけないから
- I worked part-time during the summer vacation.★★★during＋名詞、while＋S＋V
11名詞・代名詞・冠詞5
- He gave me some useful advice.★★★不可算名詞（advice / information / furniture）s も a も付かない
- The climate here is milder than that of Tokyo.★★★前の名詞の反復は that / those
- I have two sisters. One is a nurse, and the other is a teacher.★★★2つのうち残り1つは the other3つ以上なら another（別の1つ）/ the others（残り全部）
- Most students have smartphones.★★★most＋名詞＝ほとんどの〜almost students は誤り
- She caught me by the arm.★★★catch 人 by the arm 型の体の部分は the
12否定・倒置・特殊構文4
- Never have I seen such a sight.★★★否定語が文頭→倒置
- Not until he left did I notice it.★★★Not until ～ の後は倒置
- He is anything but a liar.★★★anything but＝決して〜ないnothing but＝〜にすぎない
- It was Tom that broke the window.★★★強調構文 It is ～ that
60に入れきれない定番のひっかけ6
- ✕It is necessary that he goes there.○It is necessary that he (should) go there.必要・提案・要求の that 節は原形（※英では直説法も見られる）
- ✕I don't know if it rains tomorrow.○I don't know if it will rain tomorrow.「〜かどうか」の名詞節は未来なら will
- ✕Few water is left in the bottle.○Little water is left in the bottle.不可算名詞には little
- ✕Each students has a locker.○Each student has a locker.each＋単数名詞＋単数動詞
- ✕The police is coming.○The police are coming.police は常に複数扱い
- ✕Hurry up, and you'll miss the train.○Hurry up, or you'll miss the train.命令文, or＝さもないと
確認テスト
- 1I will stay home if it tomorrow.正解は rains。条件の副詞節は現在形
- 2You have seen him yesterday. He was in Paris.正解は cannot。cannot have p.p.＝〜したはずがない
- 3If I harder, I would have passed.正解は had studied。主節が would have p.p.→過去完了
- 4I had my wallet on the bus.正解は stolen。have＋O＋p.p.（被害）
- 5Would you mind the door?正解は closing。mind＋-ing
- 6This is the restaurant I told you about.正解は which。about の目的語が欠けている→which
- 7This problem is more difficult than that one.正解は much。比較級の強調は much
- 8had I gone to bed when the phone rang.正解は Hardly。Hardly had S p.p. when …
- 9She has two brothers. One lives in Tokyo, and lives in Osaka.正解は the other。2人のうち残り1人
- 10It was careless you to leave the door open.正解は of。人の性質（careless）は of 人
- 11The man with his arms folded.正解は stood。with＋O＋p.p. の付帯状況。文の動詞が要る
- 12he is young, he is very wise.正解は Although。後ろが S＋V→接続詞
4択文法の出題ポイントを一覧にまとめ、A4 3枚で印刷できる無料PDFにしました。Web版は赤シート・覚えたチェック・カード・4択テストつき。
