「ほら、あの俳優の…！」名前が喉まで出かかる現象には、ちゃんと学術名があった

Q1. What is the passage mainly about?

1. AWhy we sometimes cannot say a word we know
2. BHow to learn new English words
3. CWhy our tongue feels tired
4. DHow students take tests

知っている言葉が言えない「舌先現象」の説明が全体のテーマなので A。

Q2. What did the students often know about the missing word?

1. AIts meaning in another language
2. BWho used it first
3. CHow to write it in Chinese
4. DIts first letter

students often knew the first letter of the missing word とあるので D。

Q3. In this passage, "for a moment" means ...

1. Aforever
2. Bfor a short time
3. Cevery morning
4. Dvery loudly

for a moment は「少しの間」。言葉は消えておらず一時的に出てこないだけ、という文脈なので B。

Q1. What does the passage mainly explain?

1. AHow to memorize rare English words
2. BWhy older people forget the meanings of words
3. CWhat the tip-of-the-tongue state is and why it happens
4. DHow Harvard students learned new languages

舌先現象とは何か、なぜ起こるか（2段階目の音の呼び出しでつまずく）を説明しているので C。

Q2. In the 1966 study, what could students often guess?

1. AThe first letter and the number of syllables
2. BThe meaning and the spelling
3. CThe language the word came from
4. DThe last letter and the sound

they could often guess its first letter and its number of syllables とあるので A。

Q3. What can be inferred about a person in the tip-of-the-tongue state?

1. AThey have completely forgotten the word.
2. BThey have never learned the word.
3. CThey are usually older than sixty.
4. DThey have found the meaning but not the sound.

first we find its meaning, and then we find its sound. The problem happens at the second step. から、意味は見つかっているが音が出てこない状態とわかるので D。

Q1. Which best describes the passage?

1. AA guide to improving memory in old age
2. BAn account of what TOT states reveal about word retrieval
3. CA criticism of the 1966 Harvard study
4. DA comparison of sign language and spoken language grammar

TOTの研究を通して、言葉の検索が意味→音の2段階で行われることなどを説明しているので B。

Q2. What does the finding about bilinguals suggest?

1. ATwo languages constantly block each other.
2. BBilinguals have weaker memories for meaning.
3. CUsing each language less often may weaken the links to sounds.
4. DSimilar-sounding words are the hardest to remember.

似た音の単語では TOT が少ないことから That pattern points to less frequent use of each language as the cause と述べているので C。

Q3. Which question does the passage present as still unsettled?

1. AWhether similar wrong words cause the blockage or result from it
2. BWhether TOTs become more common with age
3. CWhether people can report a word's first letter
4. DWhether deaf signers have TOT-like experiences

researchers still argue over whether similar but wrong words cause the blockage or result from it とあるので A。