Q1. What is the passage mainly about?

1. AHow to play safely on a playground
2. BWhy bullies feel lonely
3. CHow teachers record videos
4. DHow children who see bullying can help stop it

いじめを見ている子どもの多さと、彼らが動いたときの効果が中心なので D。

Q2. When other children helped, how often did the bullying stop?

1. AIn 57 percent of the cases
2. BIn 19 percent of the cases
3. CIn 88 percent of the cases
4. DIn all of the cases

the bullying stopped in 57 percent of the cases とあるので A。19％は介入した割合、88％は周りに子どもがいた割合。

Q3. In this passage, "in front of" other children means ...

1. Abehind other children
2. Bfar away from other children
3. Cwhere other children can see it
4. Dafter other children go home

in front of ～ は「～の前で」。ほかの子から見える場所で起きるということなので C。

Q1. What is the main point of the passage?

1. ABullying only happens between two people.
2. BClassmates who see bullying can play an important role in stopping it.
3. CWireless microphones can prevent bullying.
4. DFinland has no bullying at all.

ほとんどのいじめに観客がいて、介入すると止まりやすく、周りを変えるプログラムも効果があったという流れなので B。

Q2. How often did peers step in during bullying episodes?

1. A88 percent of the time
2. B57 percent of the time
3. C8 percent of the time
4. D19 percent of the time

they stepped in only 19 percent of the time とあるので D。

Q3. Why might laughing and watching encourage the bully?

1. ABecause the bully may feel the audience enjoys it
2. BBecause laughing makes the victim stronger
3. CBecause teachers reward laughing
4. DBecause watching stops the bullying

笑って見ているだけでも加害者を勢いづける、とある。観客が楽しんでいると感じることがごほうびになると推測できるので A。

Q1. What does the author mean by saying bullying is "rarely a private matter"?

1. ABullying always involves many bullies.
2. BBullying happens only in large schools.
3. CThe people around the bully and victim influence what happens.
4. DGroups of teachers cause bullying.

Peers were present in 88 percent of bullying episodes とあり、観客が加害者へのごほうびになることや、加担者・強化者・擁護者などの役割も挙げて、周りの人がいじめに影響することを示しているので C。

Q2. What did the KiVa trial find?

1. ABullying increased after nine months.
2. BSelf-reported victimization and bullying decreased.
3. COnly teachers' behavior changed.
4. DThe program worked only in Canada.

after nine months it had reduced self-reported victimization and bullying とあるので B。

Q3. Which limitation of the playground study is mentioned?

1. AIt was conducted only in high schools.
2. BIt did not record any interventions.
3. CIt was a randomized trial with 78 schools.
4. DWearing microphones may have changed the children's behavior.

wearing microphones may have changed how they behaved とあるので D。対象の子どもが少数だったことも限界として挙げられている。