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ShintoStandardFrequently AskedTour GuideCommonly Misunderstood

shinshoku and miko

shrine priests and shrine maidens

神職と巫女(しんしょくとみこ)

Year-round

Questions ↓Background ↓
A Shinto priest and an adult miko walking across a shrine courtyard.
壱

In one line

The shortest answer that works

Shinshoku are shrine priests, and miko are the women in white and red who assist at a shrine.

神職とは神社の神主のことで、巫女とは白と赤の装束で社に仕える女性のことです。

弐

In 30 seconds

The standard explanation

Shinshoku are the priests of a shrine, qualified through a ranked system and often trained at a specialist university. Miko are the assistants in a white top and red divided skirt who sell charms, perform ritual dance and help at ceremonies. Many miko today are students working part time, particularly over the New Year period.

神職とは神社の神主で、階位の制度によって資格を得ており、専門の大学で学ぶ人も多くいます。巫女とは白い上衣に緋の袴を着けた助手で、お守りを授け、神楽を舞い、祭祀を手伝います。今日の巫女の多くは学生の短期の勤めで、とくに正月の時期に多く見られます。

参

As a short speech

A full paragraph you can read aloud

The people you see working at a Japanese shrine fall into two groups. Shinshoku are the priests. They hold a rank in a formal system, and many study at one of the two universities that train them, though it is also common to inherit a shrine from a parent.

Contrary to a common assumption, shrine priests may marry and have families, and many run the shrine as a household. Miko are the assistants, recognizable by a white top and a bright red divided skirt. Historically the role had a much stronger spiritual character, connected with communicating with the gods.

Today miko sell charms and fortunes, help with weddings and purification rites, and perform ceremonial dance. A great many are university students working part time, and shrines advertise openly for extra miko in December for the New Year crowds. Do not photograph them at close range without asking.

日本の神社で働いている人は、二つに分かれます。神職は神主です。正式な階位の制度に位置づけられ、養成にあたる二つの大学のいずれかで学ぶ人も多くいますが、親から神社を継ぐ形も一般的です。

よくある思い込みと違って、神職は結婚して家庭を持つことができ、一家で社を営んでいる例がたくさんあります。巫女は助手で、白い上衣と鮮やかな緋の袴ですぐに分かります。歴史的には、神と言葉を交わす役目と結びついた、はるかに強い霊的な性格を持つ務めでした。

今日の巫女は、お守りやおみくじを授け、婚礼や祓いの儀式を手伝い、神楽を舞います。その多くは大学生の短期の勤めで、神社は正月の人出に備えて12月に公然と募集します。近くから無断で写真を撮らないでください。

Questions people actually ask

And how to answer them.

QCan shrine priests marry?

Yes. Shinto priesthood is not a celibate vocation, and many shrines are run by a family across generations, with the priest's spouse and children involved in the work. This often surprises visitors who expect a monastic model.

できます。神職は独身を求められる務めではなく、多くの神社は一家が代々営んでいて、配偶者や子どもも仕事に関わっています。修道院のような形を想像していた人はよく驚きます。

QIs being a miko a religious vocation?

It can be, for those who serve long term, but most of the miko visitors see are students hired for a season. Shrines take on extra staff for New Year, and the work is selling charms, guiding visitors and helping at rites.

長く務める人にとってはそうなり得ますが、参拝者が目にする巫女の多くは、期間を限って雇われた学生です。神社は正月に人手を増やし、仕事はお守りを授けること、参拝者の案内、儀式の手伝いです。

A common misunderstanding

MYTHShinto priests are celibate monks like Buddhist clergy in some traditions.

FACTThey marry, have families and frequently pass the shrine to a son or daughter. Shrines are commonly run as family households.

Phrases you can use

  • The priests can marry and have families.
    神職は結婚して家庭を持てます。
  • Many miko are students working part time.
    巫女の多くは学生の短期の勤めです。
  • They're busiest over New Year.
    いちばん忙しいのは正月です。
  • Please ask before photographing them.
    写真を撮る前にひと声かけてください。

Words you need

  • shrine priest神職
  • shrine maiden巫女
  • ritual祭祀
  • ceremonial dance神楽

Background (Japanese)

神職の資格には階位があり、國學院大學と皇學館大学が養成の中心とされています。装束の色や形は階位や祭祀の格によって決まっています。巫女の緋色の袴は、白い上衣とあわせて清浄を表すとされます。古代の巫女は神託を告げる役目を担っており、今日の事務的な務めとは性格が異なりました。神職に女性が就くことは可能で、女性の宮司が務める神社もあります。

日本語で読む — 「神職と巫女」

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