第25回 の解答
テーマ：行動経済学 正解は緑、解説・和訳・スクリプト・模範解答つき
語彙・熟語（大問1形式）
目安 2分30秒空所に入れるのに最も適切なものを1つ選びなさい。
訳：スーパーマーケットは、列に並んで待っている客の衝動買いを促すため、レジの近くにキャンディーやお菓子を置くことが多い。
訳：惰性のため、多くの人は会社を乗り換えればかなりのお金を節約できる場合でも、何年も同じ電力会社と契約し続ける。
訳：一部のウェブサイトは、誤解を招くデザイン上の仕掛けを使って、実際には必要のない旅行保険を客に買わせるように仕向けている。
訳：研究によると、同等の利益を評価する以上に損失を恐れる傾向は文化を超えて見られ、アジア、ヨーロッパ、アフリカで行われた研究に現れている。
訳：選択肢が多すぎると、多くの消費者は、比較するのが難しすぎると感じるというだけで、十分によい申し出を見送ってしまう。
長文読解（大問3形式）
目安 4分30秒The Power of Defaults
Traditional economic theory assumes that people make rational choices that serve their own interests. Behavioral economists, however, have shown that decisions are strongly influenced by how options are presented. One powerful example is the default option, the choice that takes effect if a person does nothing. In some countries, citizens must actively register to become organ donors, and registration rates are relatively low. In countries where citizens are automatically registered unless they choose to opt out, rates are often dramatically higher, even though the actual choice available is the same.
Similar effects have been seen with retirement savings. When companies automatically enroll new employees in pension plans, participation tends to rise sharply, partly because people put off decisions that seem complicated. Supporters argue that such nudges help people make better choices without restricting their freedom, since anyone can opt out. The evidence, however, is not always straightforward. In the case of organ donation, the number of actual donations depends on factors such as hospital resources and the wishes of families, so higher registration rates do not always translate into more transplants. Defaults also appear to have weaker effects when people already hold strong preferences.
Critics raise a further concern: governments and businesses could use the same techniques to steer people toward choices that benefit the institutions rather than individuals. Subscription services that renew automatically, or websites that make privacy-protecting options difficult to find, rely on the same tendency to accept whatever has already been selected. Some researchers therefore argue that nudges should be transparent and easy to reject, and that people should be able to understand why a particular option has been chosen for them.
リスニング（Part2 文章形式）
目安 2分🎙 In a famous experiment, researchers gave coffee mugs to half the students in a class. They then asked the students with mugs how much they would sell them for, and asked the others how much they would pay to buy one. In theory, the two prices should have been similar. In reality, owners demanded about twice as much as buyers were willing to pay. This tendency to value something more simply because we own it is called the endowment effect. It helps explain why people often keep items they rarely use, and why free trial periods are so effective. Once customers feel that a product belongs to them, giving it up feels like a loss.
スピーキング（面接No.4形式）
40秒Companies often use psychological techniques to influence what consumers buy.
Should the government regulate marketing techniques that take advantage of people's psychological weaknesses?
💡 具体的な手口（解約しにくいサブスク）を1つ挙げると、抽象的な質問でも答えが明確になる。
模範解答
はい、そう思います。サブスクリプションを非常に解約しにくくするような手法は、消費者に気づかないうちにお金を浪費させます。子どもや高齢者は特にこうした手口に弱いです。明確なルールがあれば消費者を守れるうえ、企業が代わりに製品を改良することで公正に競争するよう促すこともできます。
💡 具体的な手口（解約しにくいサブスク）を1つ挙げると、抽象的な質問でも答えが明確になる。