第23回 の解答
テーマ：自動運転 正解は緑、解説・和訳・スクリプト・模範解答つき
語彙・熟語（大問1形式）
目安 2分30秒空所に入れるのに最も適切なものを1つ選びなさい。
訳：大きな法的問題の一つは、自動運転車が事故を起こしたとき、所有者、製造者、ソフトウェア開発者のうち誰が法的責任を負うべきかということだ。
訳：一部のドライバーは、ハンドルにおもりを付けるなどして、手をハンドルに置いておくことを求める安全システムを回避する方法を見つけている。
訳：ソフトウェアの不具合によって数台の車両が交通量の多い交差点の真ん中で突然停止した後、その自動運転タクシーのサービスは1日停止された。
訳：人間のドライバーが突然その自動運転車の前に割り込んできたが、センサーが素早く反応したので事故は防がれた。
訳：無人運転車が関わる事故の費用を誰が払うべきかで双方が争ったため、自動車メーカーと保険会社との交渉は何か月も長引いた。
長文読解（大問3形式）
目安 4分30秒Levels of Autonomy
Discussions about self-driving cars are often confused by the wide range of technologies the term can describe. To bring clarity, engineers commonly use a scale of six levels, from Level 0, with no automation, to Level 5, in which a vehicle can drive itself anywhere under any conditions. Many new cars today offer Level 2 features, such as systems that can steer, accelerate, and brake on highways. Crucially, however, the driver must remain alert and ready to take control at any moment.
This requirement has proved more difficult to meet than expected. Accidents have occurred when drivers misunderstood such systems and treated them as fully autonomous. Research on automation suggests that humans are poorly suited to monitoring a machine that performs well most of the time; as their attention drifts, they may be unable to respond quickly when something goes wrong. Some critics blame marketing that uses names suggesting greater independence than the systems actually have. In response, several manufacturers have installed cameras that check whether drivers are watching the road and issue warnings if they are not.
At the other end of the scale, Level 4 vehicles, which operate without a human driver but only within specific areas or conditions, are now used by robotaxi services in a limited number of cities. Level 5, however, remains a distant goal. Experts note that handling rare and unpredictable situations, such as unusual road construction or severe weather, is far more difficult than managing ordinary traffic. Some researchers therefore believe that progress will come gradually, as companies steadily expand the areas in which their vehicles can operate, rather than through a sudden leap to full autonomy.
リスニング（Part2 文章形式）
目安 2分🎙 In 2018, researchers published the results of an online experiment called the Moral Machine. Millions of people from more than two hundred countries and territories were asked how a self-driving car should behave in unavoidable accidents. For example, should it swerve to save a group of pedestrians if doing so would kill its passenger? Overall, participants preferred to save more lives rather than fewer, and to save young people rather than elderly people. However, there were striking cultural differences. Respondents in some East Asian countries showed a weaker preference for sparing the young than those in many Western countries. The researchers argued that such differences should be considered when developing rules for how autonomous vehicles make decisions.
スピーキング（面接No.4形式）
40秒Self-driving cars are being tested on public roads in many countries.
Do you think self-driving cars will make roads safer?
💡 日本の社会問題（高齢ドライバー）と結びつけると、身近で具体的な理由になる。
模範解答
はい、そう思います。交通事故の大半は、スピードの出しすぎや不注意などの人為的ミスによって起こります。自動運転車は疲れたり気が散ったりしないので、事故を大幅に減らせる可能性があります。また、もう安全に運転できない高齢者が自立して移動する助けにもなるでしょう。
💡 日本の社会問題（高齢ドライバー）と結びつけると、身近で具体的な理由になる。