準1級解答・解説

第21回の解答

テーマ：公衆衛生　正解は緑、解説・和訳・スクリプト・模範解答つき

✏️ この回をアプリで解く

解答一覧

(1) ②(2) ④(3) ②(4) ②(5) ①(6) ④(7) ②(8) ④(9) ①(10) ④

🎧 リスニング音声

語彙・熟語（大問1形式）

目安 2分30秒

空所に入れるのに最も適切なものを1つ選びなさい。

(1)Measles is one of the most () diseases known, and a single infected person can spread it to as many as eighteen other people who are not vaccinated.

正解は② contagious「伝染性の、感染力の強い」。1人が18人にうつす→「感染力の強い」。他の選択肢：① obsolete「時代遅れの」、③ sedentary「座りがちの」、④ benign「良性の、無害な」。

訳：はしかは知られている中で最も感染力の強い病気の一つであり、感染者1人がワクチン未接種の人最大18人にうつすことがある。

(2)During the outbreak, restaurants were required to () to strict hygiene rules, including regular disinfection of tables and limits on the number of customers.

正解は④ adhere「（adhere toで）～を順守する」。adhere to rules「規則を守る」。were required toと合う。他の選択肢：① allude「（allude toで）～をほのめかす」、② attest「（attest toで）～を証明する」、③ aspire「（aspire toで）～を熱望する」。

訳：感染拡大の間、飲食店はテーブルの定期的な消毒や客数の制限など、厳しい衛生規則を守ることを求められた。

(3)Many people who failed to () warnings about the dangers of smoking in their youth later developed serious lung diseases.

正解は② heed「～に注意を払う、耳を傾ける」。heed warnings「警告に従う、耳を傾ける」。他の選択肢：① disclose「～を公表する」、③ forge「～を築く、偽造する」、④ exert「（力など）を及ぼす」。

訳：若い頃に喫煙の危険性に関する警告に耳を傾けなかった人の多くは、後に深刻な肺の病気を発症した。

(4)Doctors warn that people should not () early symptoms such as persistent coughing, since they may be signs of a serious illness.

正解は② brush off「～を軽くあしらう、無視する」。深刻な病気の兆候かもしれないので「軽視すべきでない」。他の選択肢：① iron out「～を解決する」、③ dole out「～を少しずつ配る」、④ bank on「～を当てにする」。

訳：医師たちは、しつこい咳などの初期症状は深刻な病気の兆候かもしれないので、軽視すべきではないと警告している。

(5)The pandemic () for much longer than many experts had predicted, putting enormous strain on hospitals and healthcare workers.

正解は① dragged on「だらだらと長引いた」。for much longer than predictedから「長引いた」。他の選択肢：② fell for「～にだまされた」、③ chipped in「お金を出し合った」、④ backed up「逆流した」。

訳：パンデミックは多くの専門家が予測していたよりもはるかに長引き、病院と医療従事者に多大な負担をかけた。

長文読解（大問3形式）

目安 4分30秒

Sugar Taxes

Excessive consumption of sugar is widely considered a major contributor to obesity and type 2 diabetes, conditions that place a heavy burden on healthcare systems. In response, many countries have introduced taxes on sugar-sweetened drinks. The United Kingdom adopted a particularly interesting approach in 2018. Rather than taxing all sugary drinks at the same rate, it imposed higher charges on drinks with more sugar, while drinks below a certain level were not taxed at all.

This design gave manufacturers a strong reason to change their recipes, and many reduced the sugar content of their products even before the tax took effect. As a result, the total amount of sugar sold in soft drinks fell considerably, while sales of the drinks themselves did not decline significantly. Whether the policy has improved public health, however, is harder to judge. Some studies have linked the tax to small reductions in obesity among certain groups of children, but because obesity has many causes, isolating the effect of a single policy is difficult. People may also simply obtain sugar from other foods.

Another point of debate concerns fairness. Critics argue that such taxes hit poorer households hardest, since they spend a larger share of their income on food and drink. Supporters respond that these households also suffer disproportionately from diet-related illnesses and therefore stand to benefit most. Some also suggest that revenue from the tax should be spent on programs that help low-income communities, such as school sports. Many public health experts believe that taxes work best as part of a broader strategy that also includes clearer food labeling, restrictions on advertising aimed at children, and efforts to make healthy food more affordable.

(6)What was distinctive about the UK's sugar tax?

正解は④。第1段落に、すべての甘い飲料に同じ税率をかけるのではなく、糖分が多い飲料ほど高い税を課し、一定量未満の飲料は非課税にしたとある。③はこれと逆。①②は本文に記述がない。

(7)Why is it hard to judge the tax's effect on health?

正解は②。第2段落に、肥満には多くの原因があるため、一つの政策の効果だけを切り離すのは難しいとある。③は飲料の売上は大きく減らなかったとあるだけで、急増したわけではない。①は記述がない。④は一部の子どもの集団で肥満がわずかに減ったという研究が紹介されており逆。

(8)Which of the following statements is true?

正解は④。第3段落に、多くの公衆衛生の専門家は、税は食品表示の改善や子ども向け広告の規制などを含む幅広い戦略の一部として最も効果を発揮すると考えているとある。②は支持派は貧しい家庭こそ最も恩恵を受けると反論しており逆。③は第2段落で飲料の売上は大きく減らなかったとあり誤り。①はメーカーは糖分を減らしたとあり逆。

リスニング（Part2 文章形式）

目安 2分

🎧 音声は1回だけ（本番と同じ）。質問も音声で流れます。 ▶ 音声はQRコードからアプリで再生： https://www.haradaeigo.com/scbt/asakatsu/p1-21/

(9)No. 1

正解 ①　スノーは「汚染された水（contaminated water）」を疑ったと述べられている。2は当時の多くの医師の考え。

(10)No. 2

正解 ④　「地図とデータを使って病気の発生源を特定する手法は今日も使われている」と述べられている。

📜 スクリプト

🎙 In 1854, an outbreak of cholera struck the Soho district of London. At the time, most doctors believed the disease was spread through bad air. A physician named John Snow, however, suspected contaminated water. He recorded where victims lived and marked each case on a map. The deaths were clustered around a public water pump on Broad Street. Snow persuaded local officials to remove the pump's handle, and the outbreak ended, although it may already have been declining. Snow's work is now regarded as a founding moment in epidemiology, the study of how diseases spread in populations. His method of using maps and data to identify the source of an illness is still used by public health experts today.

スピーキング（面接No.4形式）

40秒

Governments take many measures to protect the health of their citizens.

Should the government place higher taxes on unhealthy foods and drinks?

💡 「消費者の行動」「税収の使い道」「企業の変化」と主体を変えると理由が重ならない。

模範解答

Yes, I think so. Higher prices would encourage people to choose healthier products, which could reduce diseases such as diabetes. Also, the money collected could be used to fund health education programs or lower medical costs. Some companies might even reduce the sugar and salt in their products.

はい、そう思います。価格が上がれば人々はより健康的な商品を選ぶようになり、糖尿病などの病気を減らせるかもしれません。また、集めたお金を健康教育の事業や医療費の引き下げに充てることができます。商品の砂糖や塩分を減らす企業も出てくるかもしれません。