CHECK TEST

背景知識チートシート:医療・脳科学・睡眠確認問題集

医療・脳・睡眠の確認問題27問。研究を紹介する英文で、主張の強さと重要語を入試形式で確かめる。

正解 0 / 27

Ⅰ 次の英文を読み、設問に答えよ

[1] Many students believe that staying up all night is the best way to prepare for an exam. Research on sleep, however, points in the opposite direction. During sleep, the brain does not simply rest. It appears to replay and reorganize information gathered during the day, a process known as memory ( 1 ). In a number of experiments, people who slept after learning a list of words remembered more of them the next day than people who stayed awake for the same length of time. [2] Sleep may also help keep the brain healthy. A study published in 2013 found that in mice, waste products were cleared from the brain more quickly during sleep than during waking hours. This finding(ア) attracted a great deal of attention, but it is important to remember that it came from experiments on animals. Whether the same process works in the same way in humans is still being studied. [3] Taken together, these studies suggest that sleep is not a waste of time but an investment(イ) in learning. Cutting it short in order to study more may do more harm than good.

本文の訳を見る

[1] 多くの学生は、徹夜こそ試験に備える最善の方法だと信じている。しかし、睡眠の研究はその逆を示している。睡眠中、脳はただ休んでいるわけではない。日中に集めた情報を再生し、整理し直しているようで、この過程は記憶の定着として知られている。いくつもの実験で、単語のリストを覚えた後に眠った人は、同じ時間起きていた人よりも、翌日に多くの単語を覚えていた。
[2] 睡眠は脳を健康に保つのにも役立つかもしれない。2013年に発表されたある研究では、マウスの脳では、起きている時間より睡眠中のほうが老廃物が速く取り除かれることがわかった。この発見は大きな注目を集めたが、動物実験から得られたものだということを忘れてはならない。人間でも同じ過程が同じように働くのかどうかは、まだ研究中である。
[3] これらの研究を総合すると、睡眠は時間の無駄ではなく、学習への投資であることがうかがえる。もっと勉強するために睡眠を削ると、益より害のほうが大きくなるかもしれない。

  1. 1
    Choose the best word for ( 1 ).
  2. 2
    下線部(ア) This finding の内容として最も適切なものを選べ。
  3. 3
    The underlined phrase (イ) an investment is closest in meaning to .
  4. 4
    According to the passage, which of the following is true?
  5. 5
    What is the author's attitude toward the 2013 study?
  6. 6
    Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?

Ⅱ 次の英文を読み、設問に答えよ

Antibiotics are among the most important discoveries in the history of medicine. The first of them, penicillin, was found almost by accident in 1928, when Alexander Fleming noticed that bacteria would not grow around a certain mold. (A) Since then, antibiotics have saved countless lives. ( 2 ), they must be used with care. To begin with, they work against bacteria, but not against viruses. (B) This means that taking them for a common cold, which is usually caused by a virus, does nothing to help. (C) Worse still, every time antibiotics are used, any bacteria that happen to survive can multiply and pass on their resistance(ウ). (D) Over time, drugs that once worked well may become useless. In this sense, the careless use of antibiotics buys a small benefit today at the cost of a large risk tomorrow.

本文の訳を見る

抗生物質は、医学の歴史で最も重要な発見の一つである。その最初のペニシリンは、1928年にほとんど偶然に見つかった。アレクサンダー・フレミングが、ある種のカビの周りでは細菌が増えないことに気づいたのだ。(A) しかし、患者の治療に使えるほど大量に作れるようになるまでには、10年以上かかった。それ以来、抗生物質は数え切れないほどの命を救ってきた。しかし、抗生物質は注意して使わなければならない。まず、抗生物質は細菌には効くが、ウイルスには効かない。(B) つまり、ふつうはウイルスが原因のかぜに抗生物質を飲んでも、何の役にも立たないということだ。(C) さらに悪いことに、抗生物質が使われるたびに、たまたま生き残った細菌が増え、その耐性を受け継いでいくことがある。(D) やがて、かつてはよく効いた薬が役に立たなくなるかもしれない。この意味で、抗生物質の不注意な使用は、明日の大きな危険を代償にして、今日の小さな利益を手に入れることなのだ。

  1. 7
    次の英文を入れるのに最も適切な位置を、本文の (A)〜(D) から選べ。 It took more than ten years, however, before it could be produced in large enough amounts to treat patients.
  2. 8
    Choose the best word or phrase for ( 2 ).
  3. 9
    The underlined word (ウ) resistance here means .
  4. 10
    Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
  5. 11
    本文最後の文の the careless use of antibiotics buys a small benefit today at the cost of a large risk tomorrow の意味として最も適切なものを選べ。

Ⅲ 空所に入る最も適切な語句を選べ

  1. 12
    In a trial, neither the patients nor the doctors know who is receiving the real drug.
  2. 13
    Patients who were given a sugar pill reported less pain. This is an example of the effect.
  3. 14
    Our internal clock, or rhythm, runs on a cycle of about 24 hours.
  4. 15
    When most people in a community are immune to a disease, even those who are not immune are protected. This is called immunity.
  5. 16
    Studies show that people who sleep less tend to weigh more. However, this does not prove that lack of sleep weight gain.
  6. 17
    The brain can change its structure in response to experience. This ability is known as .
  7. 18
    A lifestyle, with long hours of sitting at a desk and little physical activity, is linked to various health problems.
  8. 19
    In the 1840s, Semmelweis showed that hand washing by doctors greatly reduced deaths, but his idea was by most doctors at the time.
  9. 20
    An is a sudden rise in the number of cases of a disease within one area, while a pandemic spreads across many countries.

Ⅳ 下線部の意味に最も近いものを選べ

  1. 21
    Regular exercise is associated with better memory in older adults.
  2. 22
    The new drug had little effect on most of the patients.
  3. 23
    Chronic stress can harm both the body and the mind.
  4. 24
    Using a smartphone late at night can rob teenagers of sleep.
  5. 25
    The researchers ruled out the possibility that the results were caused by chance.

Ⅴ 設問に答えよ

  1. 26
    次の英文を和訳せよ。 The fact that two things happen together does not necessarily mean that one causes the other.
  2. 27
    次の日本文を英訳せよ。 病気は治すより防ぐ方がよい。
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背景知識チートシート:医療・脳科学・睡眠(A4 2枚)

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