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背景知識チートシート:経済・グローバル化・働き方確認問題集

経済・グローバル化・働き方の確認問題24問。「勝者と敗者」と数字の読み方を、入試型の英文で確かめる。

正解 0 / 24

Ⅰ 次の英文を読み、設問に答えよ

[1] When two countries trade, it is tempting to think that one can gain only if the other loses. Economists have long argued otherwise. According to the idea of comparative ( 1 ), first explained by David Ricardo in 1817, even a country that is less efficient at producing everything can benefit from trade. If each country specializes in what it produces relatively well and exchanges the results, both can end up better off. [2] This does not mean, however, that everyone gains. When factories move abroad in search of lower costs, workers in those industries may lose their jobs, and new jobs do not always appear in the same towns. In short, trade tends to create winners and losers within a country, even when the country as a whole becomes richer.(ア) [3] For this reason, many economists argue that the real question is not whether to trade, but how to support those who lose out(イ), for example through retraining programs and unemployment benefits.

本文の訳を見る

[1] 2つの国が貿易をするとき、一方が得をするのは他方が損をする場合だけだ、と考えたくなる。経済学者は昔からそうではないと論じてきた。1817年にデヴィッド・リカードが初めて説明した比較優位の考えによれば、何を作っても効率の悪い国でさえ、貿易から利益を得られる。それぞれの国が相対的に得意なものに特化し、その成果を交換すれば、両国とも結果的に豊かになれるのだ。
[2] しかし、だからといって全員が得をするわけではない。コストの安さを求めて工場が海外に移ると、その産業の労働者は職を失うかもしれないし、同じ町に新しい仕事が必ず生まれるわけでもない。要するに、貿易は、国全体が豊かになる場合でさえ、国内に勝者と敗者を生みやすいのだ。
[3] そのため多くの経済学者は、本当の問題は貿易をするかどうかではなく、例えば職業の再訓練や失業手当を通じて、損をする人々をどう支えるかだと主張している。

  1. 1
    Choose the best word for ( 1 ).
  2. 2
    According to paragraph [1], what is true of a country that is less efficient at producing everything?
  3. 3
    下線部(ア)の内容として最も適切なものを選べ。
  4. 4
    下線部(イ) those who lose out の例として本文に合うものを選べ。
  5. 5
    The author would most likely agree that .

Ⅱ 次の英文を読み、設問に答えよ

Imagine a small company with ten employees. Nine of them earn 4 million yen a year, and the president earns 40 million yen. The average income in this company is therefore 7.6 million yen. (A) This simple example shows why the average can be ( 2 ) when incomes are unequal. (B) Even one very high earner can pull the average up, while the median, the middle value when all the incomes are lined up in order, stays at 4 million yen. (C) For this reason, the median is often a better guide to the income of a typical person. (D) When you read a news report about income, then, it is worth asking which figure is being used.

本文の訳を見る

従業員10人の小さな会社を想像してみよう。そのうち9人の年収は400万円で、社長の年収は4,000万円だ。したがって、この会社の平均年収は760万円になる。(A) その数字は、10人のうち9人が実際に稼いでいる額のほぼ2倍だ。この単純な例は、収入が不平等なとき、平均がなぜ誤解を招きうるのかを示している。(B) たった1人の高額所得者でも平均を引き上げることがある。一方、すべての収入を順に並べたときの真ん中の値である中央値は、400万円のままだ。(C) こうした理由から、中央値のほうが、典型的な人の収入を知る良い目安になることが多い。(D) だから、収入についてのニュースを読むときは、どちらの数字が使われているのかを確かめる価値がある。

  1. 6
    次の英文を入れるのに最も適切な位置を、本文の (A)〜(D) から選べ。 That figure is nearly twice as much as what nine of the ten employees actually earn.
  2. 7
    Choose the best word for ( 2 ).
  3. 8
    In the company described in the passage, the median income is .
  4. 9
    What is the main point of the passage?

Ⅲ 空所に入る最も適切な語句を選べ

  1. 10
    Workers who find short jobs through apps and are paid for each task are part of the economy.
  2. 11
    Unemployment benefits are part of the that catches people who suddenly lose their income.
  3. 12
    Placing high taxes on imported goods in order to protect domestic industries is known as .
  4. 13
    Some companies are accused of planned , designing products to wear out quickly so that customers have to buy new ones.
  5. 14
    Buying expensive brand-name goods to show off one's wealth is called consumption.
  6. 15
    If children from poor families have little chance of moving up the social ladder, social is low.
  7. 16
    When countries compete for companies by lowering wages and environmental standards, the result is often called a race to the .
  8. 17
    The amount of goods produced per hour of work is a common measure of .
  9. 18
    A worker who is not an employee of a company but works for it on a contract basis is an independent .

Ⅳ 下線部の意味に最も近いものを選べ

  1. 19
    When the factory closed, hundreds of workers were laid off.
  2. 20
    Hard work alone does not always guarantee success.
  3. 21
    In many countries, the gap between the rich and the poor has widened.
  4. 22
    Remote work can blur the line between work and home.

Ⅴ 設問に答えよ

  1. 23
    次の英文を和訳せよ。 Buying more things does not necessarily make us happier.
  2. 24
    次の日本文を英訳せよ。 生まれ育ちにかかわらず、だれもが成功する平等な機会を持つべきだ。
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背景知識チートシート:経済・グローバル化・働き方(A4 2枚)

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