CHECK TEST

背景知識チートシート:心理学・行動経済学(ナッジ・認知バイアス)確認問題集

心理学・行動経済学の確認問題24問。実験と追試、ナッジの英文で「結論の強さ」と重要語を確かめる。

正解 0 / 24

Ⅰ 次の英文を読み、設問に答えよ

[1] In the famous "marshmallow test," young children were offered a choice: they could eat one treat right away, or wait alone for several minutes and receive two. Years later, researchers reported that the children who had waited longer tended to do better at school. The study became popular as evidence that self-control early in life could ( 1 ) future success. [2] In 2018, however, a team of researchers repeated the study with a larger and more varied group of children. They did find a link between waiting and later achievement, but it was considerably smaller than in the original research. Moreover, once they took into account factors such as family background, the link(ア) became even weaker. [3] These results do not mean that self-control is unimportant. They do suggest, though, that a child's ability to wait may partly reflect the environment in which he or she is growing up. A single test of willpower, in short, cannot tell us what a child's future will be.(イ)

本文の訳を見る

[1] 有名な「マシュマロ・テスト」では、幼い子どもたちに選択肢が与えられた。お菓子を1つすぐに食べるか、数分間ひとりで待って2つもらうか、である。何年も後に研究者たちは、長く待てた子どもほど学校の成績がよい傾向があったと報告した。この研究は、幼いころの自制心が将来の成功を予測しうる証拠として広く知られるようになった。
[2] しかし2018年、ある研究チームが、より多く多様な子どもたちを対象にこの研究をやり直した。待つことと後の学業成績の間に関連は確かに見つかったが、それは元の研究よりかなり小さかった。さらに、家庭環境などの要因を考慮に入れると、その関連はいっそう弱くなった。
[3] これらの結果は、自制心が重要でないという意味ではない。だが、子どもが待てる力は、その子が育っている環境を部分的に反映しているのかもしれないことを示している。要するに、意志の力を測るたった1つのテストで、子どもの将来はわからないのだ。

  1. 1
    Choose the best word for ( 1 ).
  2. 2
    Why did the original study become popular?
  3. 3
    下線部(ア) the link とは何と何の関連か。最も適切なものを選べ。
  4. 4
    Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined sentence (イ)?
  5. 5
    According to the passage, which of the following is true?

Ⅱ 次の英文を読み、設問に答えよ

Imagine two countries with similar cultures. In one, people become organ donors only if they sign up. In the other, everyone is a donor unless they choose to opt out(ウ). (A) Research has found that consent rates tend to be far higher in countries of the second type. (B) Why should such a small difference matter so much? One reason is that people tend to stick with whatever option has already been chosen for them, a tendency known as status quo ( 2 ). (C) Policies that make use of this tendency are often called "nudges." (D) Critics, however, worry that people may be steered without realizing it, and they ask who has the right to decide which choices are "good."

本文の訳を見る

文化の似た2つの国を想像してほしい。一方の国では、人々は自分で登録した場合にだけ臓器提供者になる。もう一方の国では、自ら提供しないことを選ばない限り、全員が提供者になる。(A) 研究によると、同意の割合は2つ目のタイプの国のほうがはるかに高い傾向がある。(B) なぜこれほど小さな違いがそれほど大きな意味を持つのだろうか。理由の1つは、人はすでに自分のために選ばれている選択肢をそのまま選び続けがちだということで、この傾向は現状維持バイアスとして知られている。(C) この傾向を利用した政策は、よく「ナッジ」と呼ばれる。(D) 禁止や罰金と違って、ナッジは人々に別の選択をする自由を残している。しかし批判する人々は、人が気づかないうちに誘導されるかもしれないと心配し、どの選択が「良い」ものかを決める権利がだれにあるのかと問う。

  1. 6
    次の英文を入れるのに最も適切な位置を、本文の (A)〜(D) から選べ。 Unlike bans or fines, they leave people free to choose otherwise.
  2. 7
    Choose the best word for ( 2 ).
  3. 8
    The underlined phrase (ウ) opt out means .
  4. 9
    Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

Ⅲ 空所に入る最も適切な語句を選べ

  1. 10
    People tend to notice information that supports what they already believe and to ignore information that does not. This is called bias.
  2. 11
    When a shop shows the "original price" first, the sale price seems cheaper. This is due to the effect.
  3. 12
    Most people feel the pain of losing 1,000 yen more strongly than the pleasure of gaining 1,000 yen. This is known as loss .
  4. 13
    He kept watching the boring movie only because he had paid for the ticket, a classic example of the cost fallacy.
  5. 14
    "Ninety percent survive" and "ten percent die" mean the same thing, but people often react differently to them. This is called the effect.
  6. 15
    The more people there are around, the less likely each person is to help someone in trouble. This is known as the effect.
  7. 16
    Thinking "I knew it all along" after learning the result of an event is called bias.
  8. 17
    Waiting for a bigger reward later instead of taking a smaller one now is called delayed .
  9. 18
    When many well-known findings in psychology could not be reproduced in repeated studies, people began to talk about a crisis.

Ⅳ 下線部の意味に最も近いものを選べ

  1. 19
    People do not always make rational decisions.
  2. 20
    It is often easier to go along with the group than to stand alone.
  3. 21
    Later studies cast doubt on the original conclusion.
  4. 22
    The researchers found that the effect of the program was modest.

Ⅴ 設問に答えよ

  1. 23
    次の英文を和訳せよ。 We tend to look for information that supports what we already believe.
  2. 24
    次の日本文を英訳せよ。 努力は大切だが、正しいやり方を使うことも同じくらい大切だ。
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背景知識チートシート:心理学・行動経済学(ナッジ・認知バイアス)(A4 2枚)

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