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背景知識チートシート:生物・進化・動物の行動確認問題集

生物・進化・動物の行動の確認問題24問。目的論の罠と外来種の英文で、進化の考え方と重要語を確かめる。

正解 0 / 24

Ⅰ 次の英文を読み、設問に答えよ

[1] We often hear that giraffes developed long necks in order to reach leaves high up in the trees. This way of speaking is convenient, but it can be misleading, because it suggests that animals change their bodies on purpose. [2] According to the theory of natural ( 1 ), the process works quite differently. Within any population, individuals vary slightly from one another, and some of these differences are passed on to their offspring. If giraffes with slightly longer necks could reach more food, they would be more likely to survive and leave more young. Over many generations, the trait would become more common. No individual giraffe ever tried to grow a longer neck. [3] It is also a mistake to think that evolution always leads to more complex forms. Some fish living in dark caves, for example, have lost their eyes over time. Evolution, in other words, has no fixed goal.(ア) It simply favors whatever traits suit a particular environment.

本文の訳を見る

[1] キリンは木の高いところの葉に届くように長い首を発達させた、とよく耳にする。この言い方は便利だが、誤解を招くおそれがある。動物がわざと自分の体を変えるかのように思わせるからだ。
[2] 自然選択の理論によれば、その過程はまったく違う。どの集団の中でも、個体どうしは少しずつ異なっており、その違いの一部は子に受け継がれる。もし首が少し長いキリンのほうが多くの食べ物に届くなら、そのキリンは生き延びて多くの子を残す可能性が高くなる。何世代も経るうちに、その特徴はより一般的になっていく。首を長くしようと努力したキリンは1頭もいなかったのだ。
[3] 進化は必ずより複雑な形へ向かう、と考えるのも誤りだ。例えば、暗い洞窟にすむ魚の中には、時とともに目を失ったものがいる。言いかえれば、進化には決まった目標がないのだ。進化は、ある特定の環境に合う特徴なら何でも有利にするにすぎない。

  1. 1
    Choose the best word for ( 1 ).
  2. 2
    Why does the author say that the expression in paragraph [1] "can be misleading"?
  3. 3
    According to paragraph [2], which of the following is necessary for a trait to become more common?
  4. 4
    下線部(ア)の例として本文に挙げられているものを選べ。
  5. 5
    According to the passage, which of the following is true?

Ⅱ 次の英文を読み、設問に答えよ

When people bring plants or animals to a new region, they usually do so for a reason. Kudzu, a climbing plant native to East Asia, including Japan, was introduced to the United States in the late nineteenth century. (A) For a time, it was even planted widely to help prevent soil erosion. (B) In the warm climate of the American South, however, kudzu grew so fast that it began to cover trees, fields and even buildings. (C) Lacking the natural enemies that kept it in check in its native range, it spread far beyond the places where it had been planted. (D) The story of kudzu shows that the problem with invasive(イ) species often begins not with the species itself but with human ( 2 ).

本文の訳を見る

人が植物や動物を新しい地域に持ち込むときは、たいてい何か理由がある。日本を含む東アジア原産のつる植物であるクズは、19世紀後半にアメリカに持ち込まれた。(A) 最初は、魅力的な庭の植物としてもてはやされた。一時は、土壌の浸食を防ぐのに役立つとして、広く植えられさえした。(B) しかし、アメリカ南部の温暖な気候の中で、クズはあまりにも速く育ったため、木や畑、さらには建物まで覆い始めた。(C) 原産地でその増殖を抑えていた天敵がいなかったため、クズは植えられた場所をはるかに越えて広がった。(D) クズの話は、侵略的外来種の問題はしばしば、その生物自体ではなく、人間の行動から始まることを示している。

  1. 6
    次の英文を入れるのに最も適切な位置を、本文の (A)〜(D) から選べ。 At first, it was admired as an attractive garden plant.
  2. 7
    Choose the best word for ( 2 ).
  3. 8
    The underlined word (イ) invasive here means .
  4. 9
    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason why kudzu spread so widely?

Ⅲ 空所に入る最も適切な語句を選べ

  1. 10
    Humans did not evolve from chimpanzees; the two species share a common .
  2. 11
    Sharks and dolphins look alike even though they are not closely related. This is an example of evolution.
  3. 12
    In a relationship called , both species benefit, as when bees collect nectar and pollinate flowers.
  4. 13
    When wolves were brought back to the park, the effects spread down through the food chain, changing the behavior of deer and the growth of plants. This is known as a trophic .
  5. 14
    Helping close relatives can spread genes that they share with the helper, an idea known as selection.
  6. 15
    Most are neutral or harmful, but a few turn out to be useful.
  7. 16
    The of wolves, which eventually gave rise to dogs, is thought to have happened earlier than that of any other animal.
  8. 17
    Describing animals as if they had human thoughts and feelings is called .
  9. 18
    Lions are predators, and zebras are their .

Ⅳ 下線部の意味に最も近いものを選べ

  1. 19
    In the phrase "survival of the fittest," the word fittest is closest in meaning to .
  2. 20
    Some crows can make tools, which suggests that tool use is not unique to humans.
  3. 21
    Once a species becomes extinct, it is gone forever.
  4. 22
    Editing the genes of human embryos raises serious ethical questions.

Ⅴ 設問に答えよ

  1. 23
    次の英文を和訳せよ。 Individuals that are better suited to their environment tend to leave more offspring.
  2. 24
    次の日本文を英訳せよ。 人間は自然の一部であり、自然から切り離された存在ではない。
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背景知識チートシート:生物・進化・動物の行動(A4 2枚)

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