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背景知識チートシート:人口・高齢化・都市確認問題集

人口・高齢化・都市の確認問題24問。「数」と「割合」の区別、再開発の賛否を入試型の英文で確かめる。

正解 0 / 24

Ⅰ 次の英文を読み、設問に答えよ

[1] Newspapers often report that Japan is "aging rapidly." It is worth thinking carefully about what this means. Population aging refers to a rise in the ( 1 ) of older people in a population, not simply to an increase in their number. [2] This distinction matters because the share of older people can rise even if their number stays the same. Imagine a town of 1,000 people, 300 of whom are 65 or older. If the number of children and working-age adults falls by 200 while the older population remains at 300, the share of older people rises from 30 percent to 37.5 percent. Nobody in this town has grown older faster than usual(ア), yet the town has "aged." [3] In Japan, both processes are happening at once: people are living longer, and fewer babies are being born. Raising the birth rate, however, would not quickly reverse the trend, because the number of women of childbearing age is already shrinking. Demographers call this kind of delay(イ) population momentum.

本文の訳を見る

[1] 新聞はよく、日本は「急速に高齢化している」と報じる。これが何を意味するのか、よく考えてみる価値がある。人口の高齢化とは、人口に占める高齢者の割合が上がることであり、単に高齢者の数が増えることではない。
[2] この区別が重要なのは、高齢者の数が変わらなくても、その割合は上がりうるからだ。人口1,000人のうち300人が65歳以上の町を考えてみよう。高齢者が300人のままで、子どもと働く世代の大人が200人減ると、高齢者の割合は30%から37.5%に上がる。この町では、だれもふだんより速く年を取ったわけではないのに、町は「高齢化」したのだ。
[3] 日本では、この両方が同時に起きている。人々は長生きになり、生まれる赤ちゃんは減っている。しかし、出生率を上げても、この流れはすぐには逆転しないだろう。子どもを産む年齢の女性の数が、すでに減りつつあるからだ。人口学者は、こうした遅れを「人口モメンタム(人口の慣性)」と呼ぶ。

  1. 1
    Choose the best word for ( 1 ).
  2. 2
    In the example in paragraph [2], the share of older people rises because .
  3. 3
    下線部(ア)が表している内容として最も適切なものを選べ。
  4. 4
    下線部(イ) this kind of delay の内容として最も適切なものを選べ。
  5. 5
    According to the passage, which of the following is true?

Ⅱ 次の英文を読み、設問に答えよ

Redevelopment can transform a run-down neighborhood. Old buildings are repaired, new cafés and shops open, and the streets become safer. (A) For many long-time residents, however, the story is less happy. (B) As the area becomes popular, rents rise, and people who have lived there for decades may no longer be able to afford to stay. (C) Small family-run shops that served the old community may be replaced by expensive stores aimed at newcomers. (D) This process, known as gentrification, raises a difficult question: who is redevelopment really for? Most critics do not oppose improving neighborhoods. What they argue is that the benefits should be ( 2 ) by the people who already live there.

本文の訳を見る

再開発は、荒れた地域を一変させることがある。古い建物は修繕され、新しいカフェや店が開き、通りは安全になる。(A) 土地の値段が上がるので、不動産の所有者も利益を得るかもしれない。しかし、長年住んできた多くの住民にとって、話はそれほど幸せなものではない。(B) 地域の人気が高まるにつれて家賃が上がり、何十年もそこに住んできた人々が、住み続ける余裕をなくすかもしれない。(C) 昔からの地域に役立ってきた家族経営の小さな店が、新しく来た人向けの高価な店に取って代わられるかもしれない。(D) ジェントリフィケーションとして知られるこの過程は、難しい問いを投げかける。再開発は本当はだれのためのものなのか。批判する人の多くは、地域を良くすること自体に反対しているわけではない。彼らが主張しているのは、その利益を、すでにそこに住んでいる人々も分かち合うべきだということだ。

  1. 6
    次の英文を入れるのに最も適切な位置を、本文の (A)〜(D) から選べ。 Property owners, too, may benefit as land values go up.
  2. 7
    Choose the best word for ( 2 ).
  3. 8
    Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
  4. 9
    本文中の問い who is redevelopment really for? で筆者が問題にしていることとして最も適切なものを選べ。

Ⅲ 空所に入る最も適切な語句を選べ

  1. 10
    The fertility rate is the average number of children a woman would have if current birth rates continued.
  2. 11
    A fertility rate of about 2.1 in developed countries is known as the level, because it keeps the population stable in the long run.
  3. 12
    Many young, talented people leave their home country to work abroad. This is called brain .
  4. 13
    Money sent home by people working abroad, known as , is an important source of income for some countries.
  5. 14
    refers to leaving one's own country to live in another, while immigration refers to coming into a new country.
  6. 15
    The ratio compares the number of children and older people with the number of working-age people.
  7. 16
    When a country has a large share of working-age people, its economy may grow quickly. This is called a demographic .
  8. 17
    Cities that spread out into the countryside in an unplanned way are said to suffer from urban .
  9. 18
    Because concrete and asphalt hold heat, cities can be warmer than the surrounding areas, a phenomenon called the urban heat .

Ⅳ 下線部の意味に最も近いものを選べ

  1. 19
    Many young people hesitate to have children because of financial worries.
  2. 20
    Japan's population is projected to fall below 100 million in the coming decades.
  3. 21
    A shrinking population is not necessarily a disaster.
  4. 22
    Older people can continue to contribute to society.

Ⅴ 設問に答えよ

  1. 23
    次の英文を和訳せよ。 Japan has one of the oldest populations in the world, and its birth rate has been falling for decades.
  2. 24
    次の日本文を英訳せよ。 都市は車のためではなく人のために設計されるべきだ。
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背景知識チートシート:人口・高齢化・都市(A4 2枚)

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