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英検1級 二次 予想トピック 35 ・ 🔬 科学・倫理・宇宙 ・ To what extent

To what extent should the public trust scientists' advice on social issues?

社会問題について、人々は科学者の助言をどの程度信頼すべきか。

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コロナ禍や気候変動での専門家の発言を例に、信頼と批判の両面を話せる人向け。

骨組み理由3つ（どちらの立場でも話せる）

賛成（Yes）で話すなら

I believe the public should trust scientists' advice to a large extent, because it is based on evidence rather than opinion.

  1. evidence-basedScientific advice comes from careful research and data that other experts check. It is far more reliable than rumors or personal impressions on social media.
  2. self-correctingScience changes its conclusions when new evidence appears. Some people see this as a weakness, but it is actually what makes science trustworthy.
  3. complex problemsIssues such as climate change and pandemics are too complex for non-experts to judge alone. Societies that ignore expert advice often pay a heavy price.

反対（No）で話すなら

I believe the public should trust scientists only to a limited extent, because social issues involve values, not just facts.

  1. values matterScience can tell us what is likely to happen, but not what we should value. Decisions such as closing schools during a pandemic involve trade-offs that citizens must judge.
  2. uncertaintyScientific understanding sometimes changes, as advice on masks did early in the COVID-19 pandemic. Accepting everything without question can be risky.
  3. conflicts of interestSome research is funded by companies with a stake in the results. The tobacco industry, for example, once used scientists to cast doubt on the dangers of smoking.

想定質疑面接委員はこう突っ込んでくる

QBut scientists' advice sometimes changes. Why should we trust them?

That's a fair question. Admittedly, it can be confusing when advice changes. However, changing advice when new evidence appears is exactly what science is supposed to do. I would trust a scientist who updates their view more than someone who never admits being wrong.

Q：でも、科学者の助言は時々変わります。なぜ信頼すべきなのですか。
A：もっともな質問です。確かに、助言が変わると混乱します。しかし、新しい証拠が出たときに助言を変えることこそ、科学のあるべき姿です。私は、間違いを決して認めない人より、考えを更新する科学者の方を信頼します。

QShould scientists or politicians make the final decisions?

I believe politicians should make the final decisions, because they are accountable to voters. However, they should base their decisions on scientific advice and explain clearly when they choose not to follow it. During the pandemic, for example, many governments had to balance scientific advice with the needs of the economy.

Q：最終的な判断は、科学者と政治家のどちらが下すべきですか。
A：政治家は有権者に対して責任を負っているので、最終判断は政治家が下すべきだと考えます。ただし、その判断は科学的な助言に基づくべきで、助言に従わない場合はその理由をはっきり説明すべきです。例えばパンデミックの間、多くの政府は科学的な助言と経済の必要とのバランスを取らなければなりませんでした。

QWhy do you think some people distrust scientists?

I think one reason is that scientific explanations can be difficult to understand. When people feel confused, they may turn to simple but false information on social media. Scientists need to communicate in plain language to build trust.

Q：科学者を信用しない人がいるのはなぜだと思いますか。
A：理由の1つは、科学的な説明が分かりにくいことがあるからだと思います。混乱すると、人はSNS上の単純で間違った情報に飛びつきがちです。信頼を築くには、科学者が分かりやすい言葉で伝える必要があります。

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